The Talmud and Education


Last Spring, my college told me that they were going to send me to the Great Teacher's Seminar in Hawaii, and I said, "Dang! Do I really have to leave Texas?" Then, before I knew it, I got some mail saying that I had to bring a copy of my favorite book on how to teach, and I said, "Dang! I'm a mathematician and we don't read books on how to teach. It's against our code!" Well, I thought and thought, and I finally decided to compile a list of quotes from the Talmud related to teaching. When I got to my conference, this list turned out to be one of the most popular items there! It was refreshing to realize that teachers 2,000 years ago had many of the same problems and solutions with students that we have today. Because of its popularity at the conference, I am posting a copy of my article here on the internet. However, this is also a work in progress and one that I intend to expand. Hence, if you have some additional quotes from the Talmud, Zohar, or Midrash Rabbah related to teachers and students, don't hesitate to send them to me via email. By the way, Hawaii ain't bad at all!


 FOR STUDENTS

 FOR TEACHERS



For Students


Don't procratinate in learning.

SAY NOT: WHEN I SHALL HAVE LEISURE I SHALL STUDY;' PERHAPS THOU WILT NOT HAVE LEISURE.-
Avoth, Chapter 2


Involve your whole being in the learning process.

Beruriah once discovered a student who was learning in an undertone. Rebuking him she exclaimed: 'Is it not written: Ordered in all things, and sure: If it is 'ordered' in your two hundred and forty-eight limbs it will be 'sure', otherwise it will not be sure?'-
Eiruvin 54a

One taught: R. Eliezer had a disciple who learned in a low voice. After three years he forgot his learning.-
Eiruvin 54a


Repetition is a good thing.

Resh Lakish said: If you see a student to whom his studies are as hard as iron, it is because he has failed to systematize his studies, as it is said, And one do not whet the edge. What is his remedy? Let him attend the school even more regularly, as it is said, Then must he put to more strength; but wisdom is profitable to direct. [The latter words indicate] how much more profitable would his efforts be if he had originally systematized his studies. Thus for example, Resh Lakish made it his practice to repeat in systematic order his studies forty times corresponding to the forty days during which the Torah was given, and only then would he come before R. Johanan. R. Adda b. Abbahu made it his practice to repeat in systematic order his studies twenty-four times corresponding to the [twenty-four books which embody] the Torah, the Prophets and the Hagiographa, and only then would he come before Raba.-
Ta'anith 8a


Don't cram; learn a little each day.

Raba expounded in the name of R. Sehora who had it from R. Huna: What is the purport of the text: Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished, but he that gathereth little by little shall increase? If a man studies much at a time his learning decreases, and if he does not do so but 'gathereth little by little' he 'shall increase'.-
Eiruvin 54a


Study with a buddy.

Raba said: If you see a student who finds his studies as hard as iron, it is because his teacher does not encourage him, as it is said, 'and one do not whet the edge'. What is his remedy? Let him seek many companions [to intercede for him with his teacher], as it is said. 'Then must he put to more strength; but wisdom is profitable to direct.' [The latter words indicate,] how much more successful he would have been had his efforts originally found favour with his teacher.-
Ta'anith 8a

R. Hama b. Hanina said: What is the meaning of the verse, Iron sharpneth iron?-This is to teach you that just as in the case of one [iron] iron sharpeneth the other so also do two scholars sharpen each others mind by halachah (discussion of the law).-
Ta'anith 7a

Rabbah b. Hanah said: Why are the words of the Torah likened to fire, as it is said, Is not my word like as fire? saith the Lord? This is to teach you that just as fire does not ignite of itself so too the words of the Torah do not endure with him who studies alone.-
Ta'anith 7a

R. Jose b. Hanina said: What is the meaning of the verse, A sword is upon the lonely, and they shall become fools? This means, destruction comes upon the enemies of such scholars who confine themselves to private study; and what is even more they become stultified, as it is said, And they shall become fools.-
Ta'anith 7a

R. Jeremiah said in R. Eleazer's name: When two scholars sharpen each other in halachah (the law), the Holy One, blessed be He, gives them success.-
Shabbat 63a


The more you know, the more you want to know.

As with the fig tree the more one searches it the more figs one finds in it so it is with the words of the Torah; the more one studies them the more relish he finds in them.-
Eiruvin 54b


Knowledge is important.

R. Eleazar also said: Whenever there is in a man knowledge, it is as if the Sanctuary had been built in his days; for knowledge is set between two names (For a God of knowledge is the Lord.), and the Sanctuary is set between two names (Thou hast made, O Lord, the sanctuary, O Lord.).-
Berachoth 33a


Respect your teachers.

Every student who is silent when his teacher is angry with him the first time will become worthy to distinguish between clean blood and unclean.-
Berachoth 63b

(R. Johanan said) "You are sneering at the words of the Sages!" He (R. Johanan ) set his eyes on him and the student turned into a heap of bones.-
Baba Bathra 75a


Strive to learn even when conditions are not ideal.

This, too, did Raba say: Let one by all means learn, even though he is liable to forget, yea, even if he does not fully understand all the words which he studies, as it is said, My soul breaketh for the longing that it hath unto Thy ordinances at all times.-
Avodah Zarah 19a

R. Abba said in the name of R. Simeon b. Lakish: When two disciples form an assembly in halachah, the Holy One, blessed be He, loves them, as it is said, and his banner over me was love. Said Raba: Providing they know the features of a subject; providing also that there is no greater [scholar] in the town from whom to learn.-
Shabbat 63a


Old scholars still deserve respect.

Which thou didst break, and thou shalt put them in the ark. R. Joseph learnt: This teaches us that both the tablets and the fragments of the tablets were deposited in the ark. Hence [we learn that] a scholar who has forgotten his learning through no fault of his must not be treated with disrespect.-
Menachoth 99a


For Teachers


Be clear in your lectures.

SAY NOT A THING THAT CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD [AT ONCE], [TRUSTING] THAT IN THE END IT WILL BE UNDERSTOOD. -
Avoth, Chapter 2


Those who can, teach.

R. Johanan further said: One who studies the Torah but does not teach it is like the myrtle in the wilderness (whose fragrance is wasted).-
Rosh HaShanah 23a


We learn from our students.

R. Nahman b. Isaac said: Why are the words of the Torah likened to a tree, as it is said, It is a tree of life to them that grasp it? This is to teach you. just as a small tree may set on fire a bigger tree so too it is with scholars, the younger sharpen the minds of the older.-
Ta'anith 7a

R. Hanina said: I have learnt much from my teachers, and from my colleagues more than from my teachers, but from my disciples more than from them all.-
Ta'anith 7a


A student may idolize you a little too much.

R. Kahana once went in and hid under Rab's bed. He heard him chatting [with his wife] and joking and doing what he required. He said to him: One would think that Abba's mouth had never sipped the dish before! He said to him: Kahana, are you here? Go out, because it is rude. He replied: It is a matter of Torah, and I require to learn.-
Berachoth 62a


There are boundaries that must be respected by both students and teachers.

It was taught: A disciple must not bathe (go to the public bath house) with his teacher, but if his teacher needs him, it is permitted.-
Pesachim 51a


Peer teaching.

The attentive one will read [of himself]. and if one is inattentive. put him next to a diligent one.-
Baba Bartha 21a


Challenge your students.

It was taught: R. Akiba said, 'It was not R. Ishmael who laid down this ruling but that disciple, and the halachah is in agreement with that disciple. 'Is not this self-contradictory? You first said: 'It was not R. Ishmael who laid down this ruling', from which it is obvious that the law is not in agreement with his view, and then you say: 'The halachah is in agreement with that disciple'? Rab Judah replied in the name of Samuel: R. Akiba made that statement for the sole purpose of exercising the wits of the students.-
Eiruvin 13a


Don't embarrass your students (or anyone!) in public.

A tanna recited before R. Nahman b. Isaac, "He who publicly shames his neighbour is as though he shed blood." Whereupon he remarked to him, "You say well, because I have seen such shaming, the ruddiness departing and paleness supervening." -
Baba Metzia 58b


There are different types of students.

THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF CHARACTER AMONG THOSE WHO SIT BEFORE THE SAGES:[THEY ARE, SEVERALLY, TYPIFIED BY] A SPONGE, A FUNNEL, A STRAINER AND A SIEVE:A SPONGE, WHICH ABSORBS ALL; A FUNNEL, WHICH LETS IN AT ONE END AND LETS OUT AT THE OTHER; A STRAINER, WHICH LETS OUT THE WINE AND RETAINS THE LEES; A SIEVE, WHICH LETS OUT THE COARSE MEAL AND RETAINS THE CHOICE FLOUR.-
Avoth, Chapter 5


There's an optimum class size.

Raba further said: The number of pupils to be assigned to each teacher is twenty-five. If there are fifty, we appoint two teachers. If there are forty, we appoint an assistant, at the expense of the town.-
Baba Bartha 21a


Respect your colleagues.

R. Jeremiah said in the name of R. Simeon b. Lakish: When two scholars are amiable to each other in [their discussions in] halachah (law), the Holy One, blessed be He, gives heed to them.-
Shabbat 63a

R. Abba said in the name of R. Simeon b. Lakish: When two scholars pay heed to each other in halachah (law), the Holy One, blessed be He, listens to their voice.-
Shabbat 63a


College still isn't for everyone.

If a student does not see a sign of blessing [progress] in his studies after five years, he never will.-
Chullin 24a